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DATE: 03/27/1963 PAGES: 44

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v9.1 NW 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 1

SECRET 2 CENTRALINTELLIGENCE AGENCY Memorandum

NTRAL INTELLIGENCE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AGENCY CUBAN TRAINING OF LATIN AMERICAN SUBVERSIVES 27 March 1963

SECRET NW 50955 DocId: 32283208 Page 2

THIS MATERIAL CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECT- ING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE OF THE UNITED STATES WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE ESPIONAGE LAWS, TITLE 18, USC, SECTIONS 793 AND 794, THE TRANSMIS- SION OR REVELATION OF WHICH IN ANY MANNER TO AN UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS PROHIBITED BY LAW.

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SECRET 27 March 1963

CUBAN TRAINING OF LATIN AMERICAN SUBVERSIVES

SUMMARY . Page 1

DISCUSSION A. Recruitment of Trainees 2 B. Travel. 2 C. Numbers of Trainees 4 D. Training. 5 E. Subsequent Employment and Countermeasures 6 F. Purpose and Propaganda. 7

ATTACHMENTS Argentina 8 Bolivia .10 Brazil. .12 Chile 14 Colombia. .15 Costa Rica. .17 Dominican Republic. .18 Ecuador 20 El Salvador 22 Guatemala # # .23 Haiti .25 Honduras. .26 Mexico. .28 Nicaragua .30 Panama. .32 Paraguay. .34 Peru. .35 Uruguay .37 Venezuela .38 Others. .41

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SECRET OCI No. 0515/63

27 March 1963

CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY

MEMORANDUM: Cuban Training of Latin American Sub- versives

SUMMARY 1. We estimate that at least 1,500 to 2,000 Latin Americans have received guerrilla training or political indoctrination in Cuba.

  1. We have recorded the travel of 5,059 Latin Americans to Cuba in 1962, and reporting to date in- dicates that at least another 417 went during the first two months of 1963.

  2. Field replies to a survey estimate that there were about 11,000 arrests in Latin America during the past 15 months for terrorism, sabotage, guerrilla ac- tivity, or other subversive activity. Only a small percentage of those arrested, however, were brought to trial; almost all were released after varying periods of detention.

  3. Current efforts to improve and exploit re- porting on travel to Cuba had not made themselves felt during the reporting period. The security serv- ices of Latin American countries accordingly were un- able, with isolated individual exceptions, to estab- lish Cuban direction, instigation or training of ar- rested subversives.

  4. Incidence of guerrilla, terrorist, and sab- otage activity at present is highest in Venezuela, Peru, and--in the form of largely non-political ban- ditry--Colombia. There is sporadic guerrilla activity in and around Nicaragua and Guatemala, and a guerrilla potential in Ecuador and Brazil.

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A. SECRET DISCUSSION Recruitment of Trainees 1. Candidates for subversive training in Cuba are selected by the leftist organizations sponsoring such activity in their homeland. These organizations are not always Communist, particularly in countries where the regular Communist leadership is less mil- itant than other extremist groups. One training group of Argentines included Peronists, Trotskyites, and Vanguard Socialists. A Peruvian group has sent to Cuba for extended guerrilla training youths who are not members of any organizations but have ex- pressed leftist ideas.

  1. In countries where there is Cuban diplo- matic representation, candidates are screened by the embassy's G-2 officer. We have no information on how approval is granted in countries which have no diplomatic relations with Cuba.

B. Travel 1. There is a concerted effort to conceal or obscure the amount of travel to Cuba, the identities of the travelers, and the length of their stay. Docu- ments are falsified and such devices as detachable visas, circuitous travel, and some surreptitious bor- der crossing are used.

  1. Since the October crisis, the only Western Hemisphere access to Cuba by scheduled airline has been through Mexico. Throughout the reporting period Mexican authorities have been photographing passports of travelers arriving from or leaving for Cuba, and relaying the information to interested OAS members. In some cases the travelers themselves have been pho- tographed.

  2. Cuban embassies, however, have been issuing visas on separate sheets of paper to avoid any re- cord of Cuban travel in the passport. In addition, since some passports are fraudulent, the Mexican re- port of Cuban travel may neither reach the correct country nor permit identification. At this agency's suggestion, Mexican travel control authorities late in February began stamping passports to show arrival from or departure for Cuba. While this effectively counters the device of the detachable visa in the -2-

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SECRET case of legitimate passports, most Latin American countries have inadequate personnel and adminis- trative machinery to scrutinize the passports of returning travelers.

  1. Travel control in Mexico City logged 4,912 legal travelers to Cuba in 1962, and 969 in the first two months of 1963. (These figures do not cover access by other routes prior to the quarantine in 1962, and include Cubans as well as all other nationalities. Accordingly they do not correlate with totals for legal and illegal travel to Cuba derived from available reporting in the in- dividual Latin American countries. It should also be noted that a "legal" traveler in Mexican reporting may be listed as an illegal traveler by his homeland, either because he had no authorization to visit Cuba, or because of fraudulent documentation.)

  2. Anniversary celebrations, goodwill tours, and international conferences afford pretexts for travel to Cuba ostensibly unconnected with subver- sive training. Identities of trainees are usually protected by pseudonyms, at least during actual training, and the guerrilla candidate may return to his Havana hotel every few days to maintain a fic- tion of sightseeing. There have also been reports that trainees have for cover purposes attributed ex- tended stays in Cuba to detention by Cuban police.

  3. Prior to the October crisis, there was some direct travel to Cuba from Central American countries, and occasional Cubana charter flights, but the main jump-off points were Mexico City, Curacao, and Trinidad. A Canadian non-scheduled airline has operated a few flights between Canada and Havana, carrying both personnel and cargo. Cu- ban freighters call fairly regularly at Mexican ports, and some Latin American trainees could reach Cuba aboard Cuban ships picking up rice in British Guiana. There is small ship traffic, of unknown but limited extent, between Cuba and neighboring islands.

  4. Soviet and Czech airlines continue trans- atlantic service to Cuba, and Iberian airlines on 11 February announced resumption of a schedule of two flights a month to Havana via the Azores. Aero- flot has occasionally sought and received permission NW 50955 DocId: 32283208 Page 7 -3- SECRET

SECRET to land at Recife, Brazil, en route to Havana, and may have picked up some passengers 8. Controlled sources who have undergone guer- rilla training, and a comparison of inbound and out- bound travelers identified by travel controls make it clear that at least in the case of guerrilla trainees one leg of the travel is often by way of bloc countries and Western Europe. We know of Latin Americans given Cuban training who appear on no travel controls, suggesting that travel in both di- rections was either by way of the bloc or completely surreptitious.

  1. A center providing funds and forged pass- ports for travel to Cuba is known to exist in Monte- video, Uruguay. The Cubans are known to provide forged passports for some of the returning trainees. One group of Argentines returning through Prague and Western Europe was furnished with both Cuban and Ecuadorean passports, to be surrendered in Monte- video prior to re-entering Argentina.

C. Numbers of Trainees 1. Our estimate that 1,500 to 2,000 Latin Amer- icans have received subversive training in Cuba is derived from a combination of travel information, de- briefing of controlled sources who have taken training, penetrations of sponsoring organizations, and in a few cases from the records of cooperating Latin Amer- ican security services.

  1. Monitoring of travel into Cuba gives some indication of how many have stayed long enough to receive training, but does not permit differentiation between military training and political indoctrination. We cannot establish a hard total or be certain about length of visit because of travel via the bloc. Forged documentation obscures an accurate nationality break- down of the travelers.

  2. The hardest figures on guerrilla trainees by nationality are obtained from established and reliable sources who have access to such information through sponsoring organizations and in a number of cases have themselves taken such training in Cuba. We do not, however, have enough such sources to provide independ- ently a comprehensive total of Latin America. Only a few of the local Latin American security services have adequate assets for contributing such information. -4- SECRET NW 50955 DocId: 32283208 Page 8

SECRET D. Training 1. The scope of training varies with the time available. One agent who participated in a four- week course in mid-1961 received basic training covering cross-country movement of guerrillas, use and maintenance of weapons, and basic guerrilla tactics. Another clandestine source who spent nearly six months in Cuba in 1962 devoted more than 10 weeks of training to weaponry, communications, the fortification of defense positions, combat tactics, general strategy, map-reading, security, and sabotage. Both men reported considerable time devoted to polit- ical indoctrination and physical conditioning.

  1. One controlled agent reported that his en- tire group was required to fill out an extensive ques- tionnaire aimed at developing targets in the homeland for sabotage, subversion of military and police, il- legal entry and movement, operation of dummy business concerns to cover clandestine operations, and possible zones for air-drops.

  2. Extensive use is made of Che Guevara's book on guerrilla warfare. The trainees also use a hand- book by Alberto Bayo, former colonel in the Spanish Republican air force who trained the original guer- rilla group with which Castro invaded the Sierra Maestra. Thousands of copies of these books, in Span- ish or in Portuguese, have been printed or mimeographed and are circulating in Latin America. Some have been specifically revised for individual countries.

  3. We also have reports of related courses of instruction, lasting as much as six to eight months, in such fields as espionage, psychological warfare, political action, agent communications, and military medicine. Some of the trainees are women.

  4. Most of the instructors of the guerrilla warfare courses are Cuban. There are some reports of Spanish instructors. Del Bayo himself is too old to participate actively, but apparently has an "emeritus" connection. General Enrique Lister has been reported to be associated with guerrilla training. There have been a number of reports, without hard con- firmation, that Soviet and satellite instructors han- dle some of the more sophisticated training in such matters as sabotage and espionage. NW 50955 DocId: 32283208 Page 9 -5- SECRET

SECRET 6. Reports of trainees indicate that weapons training is confined to weapons they will be able to obtain, maintain, and replenish in their own countries. We have reliable and corroborative re- ports that trainees and sponsoring leaders alike have been told Cuba does not intend to supply ap- preciable quantities of weapons because a guer- rilla must be self-sustaining. It should be noted that while Cuba does supply some funds, guerrilla handbooks also suggest that bank robberies make guerrillas self-sufficient in this respect. Leftist militants have in fact resorted to robberies in Peru, Venezuela, and Argentina

E. Subsequent Employment and Countermeasures 1. Clandestine reporting has established a number of incidents of sabotage, terrorism, guer- rilla activity and other subversive action in which individuals known to have received training in Cuba have participated. The clearest cases involved the establishment of local guerrilla training camps by Ecuadoreans and Brazilians returning from training in Cuba. In each case, however, our evidence of the guerrilla training in Cuba comes from clandes- tine sources, there is no legal evidence of such Cuban instruction, and there has been no move to prosecute. All 48 arrested in Ecuador were re- leased after short detention. Two individuals ar- rested in connection with the Peasant League training activities in Brazil are still known to be detained.

  1. The records maintained by Latin American security services are inadequate and far from stand- ardized, so that it has been difficult to establish a statistical approach to arrests for all types of subversive activities. Available reporting indicates at least 11,000 such arrests since 1 January 1962, but a survey shows that most of these arrests amounted to little more than detention and some interrogation. There were relatively few trials and convictions, prob- ably not exceeding five per cent of arrests.

  2. Some of those arrested were released for lack of evidence, In other cases, for example in Ecuador, Brazil, and in Peru until last January, there has been little evidence of any inclination on the part of the government to prosecute. In cases where trials have taken place, the local security services have frequently -6- { NW 50955 DocId: 32283208 Page 10 SECRET

SECRET been unable to establish any Cuban connection, as in the case of the 139 guerrillas tried in Venezuela last fall.

  1. In the absence of a comprehensive statis- tical approach, information on arrests, trials, and the involvement of Cuban trainees in subversive activities is given in the individual country re- ports attached to this memorandum.

F. Purpose and Propaganda 1. Fidel Castro stated in July 1960: "We promise to continue making Cuba the example that can convert the Cordillera of the Andes into the Sierra Maestra of the American continent." For the past year Cuban spokesmen have been taking the line in public that Cuba provides the example for Latin American revolution, with the implication that nothing more than guidance need be exported. In private, they have been offering training and financial and technical assistance to Latin American revolutionaries. While Cuba's economic dependence on the USSR restrains a wholehearted endorsement of the more militant Peiping attitude, Guevara and Education Minister Armando Hart insist both in public speeches and in private remarks to visiting Communists that "Socialism" can be brought about in Latin America only by force.

  1. Direction and support by propaganda is on a massive scale. The work of Radio Havana and of the Prensa Latina news service is backed up by bulk mail and even air freight shipments. Postal and customs authorities in Panama, for instance, are destroying a monthly average of 12 tons of Cuban propaganda which is entering or being sent through Panama. Costa Rica averaged 10 tons in 1962.

  2. Radio Havana's international service, started in May 1961, now leads all Latin American international services in program hours. It broadcasts a weekly total of 188 hours of propaganda in languages including Spanish, Portuguese, Haitian Creole, English, French, and Arabic. This includes 108-1/2 hours in Spanish to the Americas, 7 hours in Portuguese, 7 hours in Haitian, and 17-1/2 hours in English to the Western Hemisphere. It also originates black broadcasts on occasions such as the disorders in the Dominican Republic in late 1961, and makes transmitters available to Latin American exile groups.

Attached annexes discuss Cuban training of Latin American subversives on a country-by-country basis. SECRET NW 50955 DocId: 32283208 Page 11

SECRET 27 March 1963 ARGENTINA 1. About 500 Argentines are estimated to have traveled illegally to Cuba for training in subversive activities. One training group alone, given guerrilla warfare training over a six-month period in 1962, varied in number from 34 to 50. For the past four months departures from Argentina for Cuba have averaged 35-40 a month. Argentine intelligence says 80 of the 500 are known to have received guerrilla training; the number is probably considerably higher.

  1. The federal district around Buenos Aires re- cords no arrests for guerrilla activity. There were 155 arrests and three convictions for sabotage in 1962, and 14 arrests, but no convictions, to date in 1963. Records on terrorist activity show 468 cases, 60 arrests, and 27 convictions in 1962; 121 cases, two arrests and two convictions in 1963. Argentine police also list 628 arrests in 1962 and 1963 on the broader charge of "subversive activity."

  2. Altogether police files show 1,285 incidents of sabotage or terrorism, of which 425 were committed by unknown persons. Police have no evidence that any of those arrested or convicted are known to have re- ceived training in Cuba.

  3. None of the individuals known to have re- ceived extensive Cuban training hold influential positions, but the following individuals in position of influence have traveled to Cuba and may have re- ceived some training:

Fanny Edelman, former secretary-general of the Argentine Communist women's organization UMA, presently assigned to foreign liaison of the Argentine Communist Party.

Maria Josefa de Mastroberti, prominent member of the Cuban Solidarity Committee for Argentina.

Osaias Leon Schujman, director of the Federation of Communist Youth, national deputy for the Argentine NW 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 12 -8- SECRET

SECRET Communist Party, reportedly a supplier of false pass- ports for travel to Cuba.

Jorge Francisco Timossi, former Argentine representative for Prensa Latina.

Hector Villalon, prominent Peronist close to Peron.

  1. Argentine guerrilla training units in Cuba have been mixed, including Peronists, Communists, and Vanguard Socialists. There are indications that the most active recruitment is carried on by the Argentine Communist Party and by the Communist-influenced left wing of the Peronist movement, under the direction of John William Cooke in Cuba. His wife, Alicia Cooke, lives in Montevideo, Uruguay, which is the principal center providing funds and forged documentation for the recruits.

  2. An Argentine taking a six-month course re- ceived training in weapons, marksmanship, explosives, ballistics, communications, strategy, tactics, sani- tation, closed and open order drill, and construction of defenses. Weapons used included Mauser and Garand rifles, Brownings, Thompson submachineguns, bazookas, 81-mm mortars, and a 57-mm recoilless cannon. NW 50955 DocId: 32283208 Page 13 -9- SECRET

SECRET 27 March 1963

BOLIVIA 1. About 500 Bolivians traveled legally to Cuba in 1962, and 25 in the first two months of 1963. There have been no arrests of pro-Cuban agitators for sab- otage, terrorist, guerrilla, or other subversive activities in Bolivia to date.

  1. We can identify by name 214 of the travelers to Cuba. The individuals who killed a number of anti- Communists during a pro-Cuban demonstration on 26 October 1962 were identified as having visited Cuba. Six of these agitators were indicted but released when government investigators placed the blame for the incident on anti-Communists.

  2. Otherwise there have been no known incidents which might be attributed to Cuban training.

  3. Zenon Barrientos Manani, a national deputy belonging to the Bolivian Communist Party (PCB), since his return from Cuba has been reported with- out confirmation to be organizing guerrilla forces among Bolivian peasants. The same untested source said Barrientos was active in supplying weapons to Peruvian guerrillas and had aided Peruvian guerrilla leader Hugo Blanco during a reported Bolivian visit by Blanco.

  4. Other Bolivians in positions of influence who have been in Cuba long enough to receive train- ing include:

Daniel Saravia Quiroz, secretary-general of the Bolivian Labor Confederation (COB). (Saravia, however, is reported to have changed his beliefs since his travel to England.)

Baldomero Castel, COB leader.

Oscar Salas, mine leader.

Oscar Sanjines, leader of the Cochabamba Labor Federation.

Ofelia Altamirano de Sabrabi, factory wor- kers' leader. NW 50955 DocId: 32283208 Page 14 -10- SECRET

SECRET Student and youth leaders Andres Soliz Rada, Dulfredo Rua, Walter Quisbert Barrios, and Alberto de la Barra.

PCB leading members Mario Manje and Hilario Claure.

Alcides Monasterios, national deputy of the left-wing sector of the governing National Revolu- tionary Movement (MNR).

  1. In January 1963, there were 60 Bolivian scholarship students in Cuba who had attended com- pulsory 20-day courses of military instruction. The Cuban charge in Bolivia reportedly said last month that Cuba expected to give more than 80 schol- arships to Bolivians in 1963.

  2. The Bolivian government in June 1961, pub- lished documents purporting to prove that left ex- tremists had been corresponding with the Cuban Em- bassy in an effort to obtain arms and instruction for pro-Castro "combat groups." While Bolivia has had extensive paramilitary formations ever since the MNR defeated the armed forces and seized con- trol, and while the extreme left of the MNR in particular has strong militia units, we know of no paramilitary formations linked directly with Cuban subversion.

  3. We assume, however, that some proportion of the 500 legal travelers received indoctrination while in Cuba. NW 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 15 -11- SECRET

SECRET 27 March 1963

BRAZIL 1. Approximately 400 Brazilian nationals trav- eled legally to Cuba in 1962, and another 24 the first two months of 1963. A total of about 50 Bra- zilians are believed to have received specific guer- rilla warfare training in Cuba, starting with a con- tigent of 12 men in July-August 1961. We know of 19 Brazilian specifically. A defecting Cuban army officer who claims to have run a base for guerrilla training reports that 37 Brazilians took courses there at a time which does not coincide with the 19 cases in our records.

  1. At least four of the guerrilla trainees in the original contingent of 12 were connected with the guerrilla training camps of the Brazilian Peas- ant Leagues, exposed by the Varig air crash docu- ments. At least six such camps were established, and each was to have 30 men and at least one leader trained in Cuba. Only one of the Cuban trainees is known to have been arrested. Altogether there were only three arrests, although 24 additional warrants were issued.

  2. All of the Brazilians we can identify as guerrilla trainees have come from the regular or the dissident Communist party or the Marxist-oriented Peasant Leagues of Francisco Juliao. Trainees sent by the Leagues were in some cases also members of the regular Communist party.

  3. Brazilians in positions of influence known to have received training in Cuba include:

Clodomir dos Santos Morais, number two man in the Peasant Leagues, and principal agent in set- ting up the training camps; still in custody.

Joaquim Ferreira, Pedro Motta Barros, Rivadiva Braz de Oliveira, and Amaro Luiz de Car- valho, Peasant League leaders. (Ferreira, a lawyer, is a former economist for SUDENE, development agency for the impoverished northeast. Barros and de Oliveira are also student leaders, and Barros is a Communist Party youth leader.) NW 50955 DocId: 32283208 Page 16 -12- SECRET

SECRET Florentino Alcantara de Moraes, Pernambuco state leader of the regular Communist Party of Bra- zil.

Carlos Danielli, Angel Arroyo, Mauricio Grabois, and Joao Amazonas, leaders of the dissident Communist Party. NW 50955 DocId: 32283208 Page 17 -13- SECRET

SECRET 27 March 1963 CHILE 1. There were 551 legal travelers from Chile to Cuba in 1962, and another 110 in the first two months of 1963. (Anniversary celebrations tend to make travel in January higher than the monthly av- erage.) In addition, field reports show about 400 illegal travelers in 1962, under a definition which lists nationals of one country who obtain their Cuban visas in a third country as "illegal."

  1. We have no hard clandestine evidence of Chilean guerrilla trainees. A defecting Cuban army lieutenant has told reporters that a base he com- manded gave 19 Chileans guerrilla training in late

  2. Since neither travel to Cuba nor the large Communist party is illegal in Chile, a Chilean na- tional has little reason, other than the intention to take subversive training, to conceal travel to Cuba. On this basis it would appear to be a safe assumption that more than half of the illegal trav- elers probably received military or political in- doctrination.

  3. The only known arrests in the past 15 months for subversive activity took place in October 1962, when five members of the Progressive Socialist Move- ment (MSP) were arrested following an explosion while they were assembling bombs in a downtown Santiago apartment. Four of the five were released after three days; the fifth, whose hand had been blown off, was given a jail sentence. The bombs were to have been used against the U.S. embassy.

  4. Julio Stuardo, leader of the MSP and one of those arrested, had traveled to Cuba, but is not known to have received any particular training. He had been photographed prior to the bombing incident with Cuban embassy officials believed to be intel- ligence officers.

  5. There are no Chileans in positions of in- fluence who are known to have received training in Cuba. However leftist Senator Salvador Allende, the probable FRAP candidate in the next presidential elec- tion, has made numerous visits to Cuba. NW 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 18 -14- SECRET

SECRET 27 March 1963

COLOMBIA 1. We have record of about 400 Colombians who traveled to Cuba legally during the past year, and no record of any illegal travel. Approximately 100 appear on manifests via Curacao, and 65 via Mexico City. Travel information on the remaining 235 is based on agent reports and liaison.

  1. Of these 400, 37 are reported to have re- ceived training in guerrilla warfare, one in coun- terintelligence, and one attended a staff or cadre school.

  2. Most of those selected for training are members of either the United Front for Revolutionary Action (FUAR) or the Worker-Student-Peasant Move- ment (MOEC). Both are made up of revolutionaries, dissident Communists, and recruits from the ranks of labor, students, and the unemployed lower classes. Both receive Cuban financial support, and are at- tempting--without appreciable success to date--to coordinate operations with the bandit gangs terror- izing the violence areas of Colombia.

  3. Two guerrilla leaders imprisoned in 1961-- Eddie Aristizabal of MOEC and Tulio Bayer--and one killed in 1961--Antonio Larotta of MOEC--were re- ported to have received guerrilla warfare training in Cuba. Larotta's training was in 1959.

  4. Colombian army statistics (which the U.S. army attaché considers on the high side because of the statistical procedures used) list 2,582 rural bandits captured and 1,029 individuals detained on suspicion of involvement in rural banditry in 1962, and 300 captured and 134 detained in the first two months of 1963. The Colombian army has no statistics on subsequent trials, but on the basis of past ex- perience it is estimated that about two percent of all those arrested and detained--i.e., about 80 persons-- were convicted and sentenced. The bandits are not considered guerrillas in a political sense, although some Cuban propaganda has been found on dead bandits. There were 388 bandits killed in rural areas in 1962, and 89 in 1963. NW 50955 DocId: 32283208 Page 19 -15- SECRET (

SECRET 6. According to official records, there were 13 terrorist attempts in Colombia during 1962, in the course of which nine terrorists were captured, and one was killed. Three of those captured--all members of FUAR--were convicted. One of the three, Alvaro Santiago Paz of Cali, is known to have traveled to Cuba. To date in 1963 there have been 15 terrorist attempts, including eight in Bogota. There have been 16 captured and one killed in Bogota preparing or attempting terrorist acts. One terrorist, identified as a FUAR member, was convicted in Cali. One terrorist, not yet identified, was captured in Medellin.

  1. Santiago is the only captured subversive known to have been in Cuba. Three leading members of MOEC--Aristizabal, mentioned above; Pedro Abella; and Fabio Molino--are known to have received training in Cuba.

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SECRET 27 March 1963 COSTA RICA 1. A total of 216 Costa Ricans visited Cuba in 1962. As many as 30 probably received para- military training.

  1. In February, 1963, 21 Costa Ricans re- turned from visits of four to six months. It has been reliably established that nine of them were trained as instructors in guerrilla warfare, and one was trained as an organizer and instructor for militia training. The length of stay suggests that the remaining 1l also received paramilitary instruction. Three other Costa Ricans, including one woman, known to have gone to Cuba for such training are not yet reported to have returned to Costa Rica.

  2. Two Costa Rican Communist leaders are reported independently by fairly reliable sources to have stated that guerrilla warfare training camps are to be established in Costa Rica. The purely Costa Rican aspect makes this a new develop- ment; guerrilla activity in Costa Rica hitherto has centered in the relatively wild and lightly policed northeastern frontier area, and has been targeted against Nicaragua.

  3. There have been no arrests for sabotage, terrorism, or guerrilla activity in Costa Rica. About 50 have been temporarily detained for sub- versive activity, and one individual was arrested and jailed for one year. (This does not include about 30 suspected subversives detained during President Kennedy's visit.)

  4. Nineteen of the 30 Costa Ricans believed to have received guerrilla training in Cuba are known by name. Of the 19, the only ones in posi- tions of influence are Oscar Morera Madrigal, San Jose physician, and Modesto Ruiz Ruiz, leader of the Communist labor union in the banana zone. NW 50955 DocId: 32283208 Page 21 -17- SECRET

SECRET 27 March 1963 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1. The Dominican Republic in 1962 and 1963 arrested 120 persons for sabotage, terrorism, or other subversive activity. Of these, 45 were held for an appreciable time, tried, or sentenced. This includes 33 who were deported. Of these, three are known or believed to have received training in Cuba.

  1. There were 15 incidents in all, five of which are considered to have been inspired by Cuban trainees. The remainder were caused by people not believed to have had any Cuban training.

  2. There is no hard evidence of legal or ille- gal travel from the Dominican Republic to Cuba since 1 January 1962, although some of the deportees may have returned from Europe to Cuba. The best avail- able estimate is that about 25 Dominicans may have gone to Cuba illegally. We have an unconfirmed re- port that three Dominicans went to Cuba for guer- rilla training, and 12 others are believed to have stayed long enough for appreciable training or in- doctrination.

  3. Individuals in positions of influence, known or believed to have received training in